› Async::HTTP

Async::HTTP

An asynchronous client and server implementation of HTTP/1.0, HTTP/1.1 and HTTP/2 including TLS. Support for streaming requests and responses. Built on top of async and async-io. falcon provides a rack-compatible server.

Development Status

Installation

Add this line to your application's Gemfile:

gem 'async-http'

And then execute:

$ bundle

Or install it yourself as:

$ gem install async-http

Usage

Please browse the source code index or refer to the guides below.

Post JSON data

Here is an example showing how to post a data structure as JSON to a remote resource:

#!/usr/bin/env ruby

require 'json'
require 'async'
require 'async/http/internet'

data = {'life' => 42}

Async do
	# Make a new internet:
	internet = Async::HTTP::Internet.new
	
	# Prepare the request:
	headers = [['accept', 'application/json']]
	body = [JSON.dump(data)]
	
	# Issues a POST request:
	response = internet.post("https://httpbin.org/anything", headers, body)
	
	# Save the response body to a local file:
	pp JSON.parse(response.read)
ensure
	# The internet is closed for business:
	internet.close
end

Consider using async-rest instead.

Multiple Requests

To issue multiple requests concurrently, you should use a barrier, e.g.

#!/usr/bin/env ruby

require 'async'
require 'async/barrier'
require 'async/http/internet'

TOPICS = ["ruby", "python", "rust"]

Async do
	internet = Async::HTTP::Internet.new
	barrier = Async::Barrier.new
	
	# Spawn an asynchronous task for each topic:
	TOPICS.each do |topic|
		barrier.async do
			response = internet.get "https://www.google.com/search?q=#{topic}"
			puts "Found #{topic}: #{response.read.scan(topic).size} times."
		end
	end
	
	# Ensure we wait for all requests to complete before continuing:
	barrier.wait
ensure
	internet&.close
end

Limiting Requests

If you need to limit the number of simultaneous requests, use a semaphore.

#!/usr/bin/env ruby

require 'async'
require 'async/barrier'
require 'async/semaphore'
require 'async/http/internet'

TOPICS = ["ruby", "python", "rust"]

Async do
	internet = Async::HTTP::Internet.new
	barrier = Async::Barrier.new
	semaphore = Async::Semaphore.new(2, parent: barrier)
	
	# Spawn an asynchronous task for each topic:
	TOPICS.each do |topic|
		semaphore.async do
			response = internet.get "https://www.google.com/search?q=#{topic}"
			puts "Found #{topic}: #{response.read.scan(topic).size} times."
		end
	end
	
	# Ensure we wait for all requests to complete before continuing:
	barrier.wait
ensure
	internet&.close
end

Persistent Connections

To keep connections alive, install the thread-local gem, require async/http/internet/instance, and use the instance, e.g.

#!/usr/bin/env ruby

require 'async'
require 'async/http/internet/instance'

Async do
  internet = Async::HTTP::Internet.instance
	response = internet.get "https://www.google.com/search?q=test"
	puts "Found #{response.read.size} results."
end

Downloading a File

Here is an example showing how to download a file and save it to a local path:

#!/usr/bin/env ruby

require 'async'
require 'async/http/internet'

Async do
	# Make a new internet:
	internet = Async::HTTP::Internet.new
	
	# Issues a GET request to Google:
	response = internet.get("https://www.google.com/search?q=kittens")
	
	# Save the response body to a local file:
	response.save("/tmp/search.html")
ensure
	# The internet is closed for business:
	internet.close
end

Basic Client/Server

Here is a basic example of a client/server running in the same reactor:

#!/usr/bin/env ruby

require 'async'
require 'async/http/server'
require 'async/http/client'
require 'async/http/endpoint'
require 'async/http/protocol/response'

endpoint = Async::HTTP::Endpoint.parse('http://127.0.0.1:9294')

app = lambda do |request|
	Protocol::HTTP::Response[200, {}, ["Hello World"]]
end

server = Async::HTTP::Server.new(app, endpoint)
client = Async::HTTP::Client.new(endpoint)
	
Async do |task|
	server_task = task.async do
		server.run
	end
	
	response = client.get("/")
	
	puts response.status
	puts response.read
	
	server_task.stop
end

Advanced Verification

You can hook into SSL certificate verification to improve server verification.

require 'async'
require 'async/http'

# These are generated from the certificate chain that the server presented.
trusted_fingerprints = {
	"dac9024f54d8f6df94935fb1732638ca6ad77c13" => true,
	"e6a3b45b062d509b3382282d196efe97d5956ccb" => true,
	"07d63f4c05a03f1c306f9941b8ebf57598719ea2" => true,
	"e8d994f44ff20dc78dbff4e59d7da93900572bbf" => true,
}

Async do
	endpoint = Async::HTTP::Endpoint.parse("https://www.codeotaku.com/index")
	
	# This is a quick hack/POC:
	ssl_context = endpoint.ssl_context
	
	ssl_context.verify_callback = proc do |verified, store_context|
		certificate = store_context.current_cert
		fingerprint = OpenSSL::Digest::SHA1.new(certificate.to_der).to_s
		
		if trusted_fingerprints.include? fingerprint
			true
		else
			Console.logger.warn("Untrusted Certificate Fingerprint"){fingerprint}
			false
		end
	end
	
	endpoint = endpoint.with(ssl_context: ssl_context)
	
	client = Async::HTTP::Client.new(endpoint)
	
	response = client.get(endpoint.path)
	
	pp response.status, response.headers.fields, response.read
end

Timeouts

Here's a basic example with a timeout:

#!/usr/bin/env ruby

require 'async/http/internet'

Async do |task|
	internet = Async::HTTP::Internet.new
	
	# Request will timeout after 2 seconds
	task.with_timeout(2) do
		response = internet.get "https://httpbin.org/delay/10"
	end
rescue Async::TimeoutError
	puts "The request timed out"
ensure
	internet&.close
end

Performance

On a 4-core 8-thread i7, running ab which uses discrete (non-keep-alive) connections:

$ ab -c 8 -t 10 http://127.0.0.1:9294/
This is ApacheBench, Version 2.3 <$Revision: 1757674 $>
Copyright 1996 Adam Twiss, Zeus Technology Ltd, http://www.zeustech.net/
Licensed to The Apache Software Foundation, http://www.apache.org/

Benchmarking 127.0.0.1 (be patient)
Completed 5000 requests
Completed 10000 requests
Completed 15000 requests
Completed 20000 requests
Completed 25000 requests
Completed 30000 requests
Completed 35000 requests
Completed 40000 requests
Completed 45000 requests
Completed 50000 requests
Finished 50000 requests


Server Software:        
Server Hostname:        127.0.0.1
Server Port:            9294

Document Path:          /
Document Length:        13 bytes

Concurrency Level:      8
Time taken for tests:   1.869 seconds
Complete requests:      50000
Failed requests:        0
Total transferred:      2450000 bytes
HTML transferred:       650000 bytes
Requests per second:    26755.55 [#/sec] (mean)
Time per request:       0.299 [ms] (mean)
Time per request:       0.037 [ms] (mean, across all concurrent requests)
Transfer rate:          1280.29 [Kbytes/sec] received

Connection Times (ms)
              min  mean[+/-sd] median   max
Connect:        0    0   0.0      0       0
Processing:     0    0   0.2      0       6
Waiting:        0    0   0.2      0       6
Total:          0    0   0.2      0       6

Percentage of the requests served within a certain time (ms)
  50%      0
  66%      0
  75%      0
  80%      0
  90%      0
  95%      1
  98%      1
  99%      1
 100%      6 (longest request)

On a 4-core 8-thread i7, running wrk, which uses 8 keep-alive connections:

$ wrk -c 8 -d 10 -t 8 http://127.0.0.1:9294/
Running 10s test @ http://127.0.0.1:9294/
  8 threads and 8 connections
  Thread Stats   Avg      Stdev     Max   +/- Stdev
    Latency   217.69us    0.99ms  23.21ms   97.39%
    Req/Sec    12.18k     1.58k   17.67k    83.21%
  974480 requests in 10.10s, 60.41MB read
Requests/sec:  96485.00
Transfer/sec:      5.98MB

According to these results, the cost of handling connections is quite high, while general throughput seems pretty decent.

Semantic Model

Scheme

HTTP/1 has an implicit scheme determined by the kind of connection made to the server (either http or https), while HTTP/2 models this explicitly and the client indicates this in the request using the :scheme pseudo-header (typically https). To normalize this, Async::HTTP::Client and Async::HTTP::Server have a default scheme which is used if none is supplied.

Version

HTTP/1 has an explicit version while HTTP/2 does not expose the version in any way.

Reason

HTTP/1 responses contain a reason field which is largely irrelevant. HTTP/2 does not support this field.

Contributing

We welcome contributions to this project.

  1. Fork it.
  2. Create your feature branch (git checkout -b my-new-feature).
  3. Commit your changes (git commit -am 'Add some feature').
  4. Push to the branch (git push origin my-new-feature).
  5. Create new Pull Request.

Developer Certificate of Origin

This project uses the Developer Certificate of Origin. All contributors to this project must agree to this document to have their contributions accepted.

Contributor Covenant

This project is governed by Contributor Covenant. All contributors and participants agree to abide by its terms.

See Also